During the Qingming Festival in the Song Dynasty, there were several customs and traditions, which can be translated into English as follows:
1. Tomb Sweeping (扫墓 - Sǎomù): People would visit their ancestors' graves to clean them, pay respects, and offer food and wine as a symbol of remembrance and gratitude.
2. Flying Kite (放风筝 - Fàng fēngzhēng): Flying kites was a popular activity during Qingming. People would make and fly various types of kites in the open fields, often representing symbols of life and death.
3. Eating Cold Foods (吃冷食 - Chī lěng shí): The custom of eating cold foods was believed to aid the digestion of the heavy, warm foods consumed during the winter.
4. Qingming Tides (清明潮 - Qīngmíng cháo): The Qingming Festival coincided with the annual spring tidal bore in some areas of China, which was also a time for gatherings and activities.
5. Qingming Banquets (清明宴 - Qīngmíng yàn): Families would host banquets during Qingming to celebrate the festival and honor their ancestors. Traditional dishes like dumplings (饺子 - Jiǎozi), buns (馒头 - Mángqiào), and tea were common at these gatherings.
6. Memorial Wreath Making (造寒衣 - Zào hán yī): People would make memorial wreaths out of paper or cloth and burn them as an offering to the spirits of their ancestors.
7. Qingming Games (清明游戏 - Qīngmíng yóuxì): Various traditional games were played during the festival, including sports like horse racing, boat races, and tug of war.
These customs were deeply rooted in the culture and values of the Song Dynasty, reflecting a strong emphasis on familial loyalty, respect for the dead, and the joy of spring.
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